Definition and Examples of Erotesis in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Erotesis in Rhetoric Definition The saying known as erotesis is aâ rhetorical question suggesting solid attestation or forswearing. Additionally called erotema,â eperotesis andâ interrogation. Modifier: erotetic. Furthermore, as Richard Lanham calls attention to in A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms (1991), erotesis might be characterized as a facetious inquiry which infers an answer yet doesn't give or lead us to anticipate one, as when Laertes yells about Ophelias frenzy: Do you see this, O God? (Hamlet, IV, v). See Examples and Observations beneath. Likewise observe: What Is a Rhetorical Question?EcphonesisEpiplexisHypophoraInterrogative SentencePysmaQueclarativeQuestionYes-No Question EtymologyFrom the Greek, addressing Models and Observations Is it safe to say that i was not conceived in the domain? Were my folks conceived in any outside nation? Isn't my realm here? Whom have I mistreated? Whom have I improved to others hurt? What unrest have I made in this district I ought to be suspected to have no respect to the same?(Queen Elizabeth I, reaction to a Parliamentary designation, 1566)Was I an Irishman on that day that I strongly withstood our pride? or on the other hand on the day that I hung down my head and sobbed in disgrace and quietness over the embarrassment of Great Britain?(Edmund Burke, Speech to the Electors of Bristol, Sepremberâ 6, 1780)General, do you truly accept that the foe would assault without incitement, utilizing such a significant number of rockets, aircraft, and subs that we would have no real option except to absolutely obliterate them?(John Wood as Stephen Falken in WarGames, 1983)Another thing that upsets me about the American church is that you have a white church and a Negro church. In what manner would segregation be able to exist in the genuine Body of Christ?(Martin Luther King, Jr., Pauls Letter to American Christians, 1956) Do you at that point truly feel that you have submitted your indiscretions so as to save your child them?(Herman Hesse, Siddhartha, 1922) The Effects of Erotesis-Erotesis, or Interrogation, is a figure by which we express the feeling of our brain, and inject a zest and vitality into our talk by proposing questions. . . . As these inquiries have the power of a peak, they should be articulated with expanding power to the end.(John Walker, A Rhetorical Grammar, 1814)- The plan of the erotesis or cross examination is to stir thoughtfulness regarding the subject of talk, and is a method of address commendably determined to deliver an incredible impression of reality of a subject, as it challenges the inconceivability of inconsistency. Along these lines, How long, Cataline, shouts Cicero, will you misuse our patience?(David Williams, Composition, Literary and Rhetorical, Simplified, 1850) The Lighter Side of ErotesisYou may believe that you are not eccentric. Be that as it may, would you s troll under a consuming building?(Robert Benchley, Good Luck, and Try and Get It)D-Day: Wars over, man. Wormer dropped the large one.Bluto: Over? Did you say over? Nothing is over until we conclude it is! Was it over when the Germans besieged Pearl Harbor? Damnation no!Otter: Germans?Boon: Forget it, hes rolling.(John Belushi as Bluto Blutarsky in Animal House, 1978) Articulation: e-ro-TEE-sister

Mixed martial arts vs Traditional Martial Arts Essay Example for Free

Blended hand to hand fighting versus Traditional Martial Arts Essay Battling and brutality is perhaps the most serious issue in the public eye today. MMA, to numerous individuals, is just advancing this as a worth, rather than an issue. Another fight that this wicked game is battling is for its own authenticity. There are a lot of different games that make them battle, yet nobody addresses the authenticity of sports, for example, ice-hockey, in which there is a battle at any rate once a game, or football (Frisht n. pag. ). MMA is additionally a moderately new and has likewise made an enormous stride from where it began, having been unlawful in every one of the 50 states soon after its standardization (Ramirez n. ag. ). Also, even at that, UFC is the main broadly legitimate association for MMA. In addition to the fact that it is battling for its realness as a game, however it is battling for acknowledgment as a military craftsmanship and battling style, also. A few pros and warriors contend that it is a military craftsmanship all its own. Others contend that it’s simply a remove from the best hand to hand fighting that have preceded it. At long last, other, increasingly common individuals soundly reason that it can't be viewed as a conventional military craftsmanship at all and is scarcely adequate as a game. Be that as it may, this likewise places these individuals in the ideal situation to be assaulted by a just responded to address: Why can’t MMA be viewed as a conventional military workmanship? To start, probably the greatest distinction among MMA and customary combative techniques is the reason for which they were created. MMA, for instance, was created as just a style for confine coordinate amusement. Customary combative techniques, be that as it may, were created for a wide range of reasons, essentially self-preservation. For example, Jiu-Jitsu and Ninjitsu both get from old Japan as a methods for the individuals to protect themselves against the Samurai (Browning n. pag. ). Additionally, Tang Soo Do was created in Okinawa and Southern Korea under antiquated Japanese impact (Yi n. pag. ). Not exclusively is the reason for MMA something that separates it, it is a distinction that makes way for a few other amazing contrasts. To proceed, reason for existing is interlaced with roots. Numerous customary hand to hand fighting come out of the antiquated oriental districts as methods for self-preservation because of the zones hazardous and once in a while shaky cultural condition. Hooligans, merciless majestic contender, and regular desperados all represented a danger to regular folks and the individuals who didn’t especially extravagant their rulers, for example, the Okinawan ranchers under the abuse of the magnificent Japanese samurai (Frisht n. pag. ). A bunch of conventional hand to hand fighting even brag sources in Brazil, for example, the Brazilian variations of Jiu-Jitsu. MMA, be that as it may, comes out of America and Europe as a methods for amusement (Greene n. pag. ). Next, Style is the greatest contrast between conventional hand to hand fighting and MMA. Conventional hand to hand fighting are extremely centered around keeping or debilitating an aggressor. Numerous conventional combative techniques achieve this by using non-deadly bolts and strikes. Conventional combative techniques are likewise guided by profound quality and law. At the point when confronted with non-deadly power, just non-deadly power is allowed in kind. At the point when confronted with a genuine, however non-hazardous circumstance, just an equivalent measure of lethality is allowed. MMA, then again, is considerably more fierce and fringe silly (Greene n. pag. ). Likewise, where conventional Martial Arts would try to simply cripple utilizing locks, MMA tries to go well beyond the necessary power, depending on quality where conventionalists would’ve picked strategy. While, depending on quality as a sole resource in battle, as depicted by Master Bob Cameron, a fighter’s battle factors become reliant on their rival. In the event that their adversary is more grounded and quality is the main procedure they hold as an advantage, misfortune is pre-decided. Method, nonetheless, permits one’s factors to be considerably more free of their opponent’s. Utilizing procedure over quality permits a military craftsman to apply their entire body to discover one objective; it permits a warrior to turn their opponent’s own quality against them, utilizing it in support of them (Cameron n. pag. ). Finally, the last explanation MMA can't be viewed as a conventional military workmanship is its preparation style. MMA adopts an exceptionally solo strategy to preparing, as it is a performance sport. A ton of its preparation depends on punching, kicking, and striking a lifeless objective. Hand to hand fighting, customarily, anyway is prepared in a gathering. This permits a military craftsman to test, study, apply, and ideal a procedure on another military craftsman, which definitely influences and varies the pertinence and adequacy of the two styles. In a certifiable situation, MMA isn't exceptionally sensible, because of its ruthlessness and forcefulness. Conventional hand to hand fighting, be that as it may, permit a craftsman to everything being equal and securely cripple an assailant (Greene n. pag. ). The sensible preparing styles of customary hand to hand fighting permit it to be considerably more viable in battle. To close, MMA and customary combative techniques have more distinctive contrasts than are measurable, the most recognizing being reason, source, battling and preparing styles, and relevance. Albeit, many agree with their position, the individuals who contend that MMA is a conventional military craftsmanship are taking on a tough conflict in a landslide because of their rare and clear absence of help. The contrasts between the two make a chasm miles wide with no extension that may never have been intended to have been crossed. Besides, these amazing contrasts unmistakably demonstrate that MMA can't be viewed as a conventional military craftsmanship.

nullification

nullification nullification, in U.S. history, a doctrine expounded by the advocates of extreme states' rights . It held that states have the right to declare null and void any federal law that they deem unconstitutional. The doctrine was based on the theory that the Union is a voluntary compact of states and that the federal government has no right to exercise powers not specifically assigned to it by the U.S. Constitution. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions declared (1799) nullification to be the rightful remedy by the states for all unauthorized acts done under the pretext of the Constitution. A closely reasoned reinforcement to the doctrine of nullification was set forthâ€"in response to the tariff of 1828, which favored Northern interests at the expense of the Southâ€"by John C. Calhoun in his South Carolina Exposition (1828). The strong pro-Union stand of President Jackson brought forth further remonstrances from Southern leaders. After enactment of the tariff act of 1832 South Carol ina called a state convention, which passed (1832) the ordinance of nullification. This ordinance declared the tariff laws null and void, and a series of enactments in South Carolina put the state in a position to resist by force any attempt of the federal government to carry the tariff act into operation. President Jackson in reply dramatically issued a strong proclamation against the nullifiers, and a force bill was introduced into the U.S. Senate to give the President authority to use the armed forces if necessary to execute the laws. Jackson, however, felt that the South had a real grievance and, behind his show of force, encouraged friends of compromise, led by Henry Clay, to prepare a bill that the South would accept. This compromise tariff was rushed through Congress, and after its passage (1833) the South Carolina state convention reassembled and formally rescinded the ordinance nullifying the tariff acts. To preserve its prerogative it adopted a new ordinance nullifying t he force bill. But the issue was not pressed further until the election of Abraham Lincoln, when the doctrine of secession was brought to the foreground. See C. S. Boucher, The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina (1916, repr. 1968); C. M. Wiltse, John C. Calhoun: Nullifier, 1829â€"1839 (1949); W. W. Freehling, ed., The Nullification Era (1967); M. D. Peterson, Olive Branch and Sword: The Compromise of 1833 (1982). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History

Latin America, Overview of Economy, Business and Challenges

Latin America An Overview of Economy, Business and Challenges Introduction Latin America suffered during the years of 1980-1990 with political instability and low growth rates. Nowadays the situation is different, the region is improving towards economic stability and grater democracy, however the reforms performed during the last decade are still incomplete. High rates of poverty and bad income distribution remain as the main problems of the region. The last few years has shown that Latin America economy is getting stronger and growing at unprecedented rates in the recent decades, making the environment for business much more attractive. Economic Overview and Challenges From the middle 1980s to the beginning of the 1990s†¦show more content†¦Even inside the region is possible to find examples of favorable effects of a high trade openness, the experiences of Chile (through unilateral liberalization) and Mexico (strongly benefited from NAFTA and a bigger trade with USA). One topic pointed by the World Economic Forum on Latin America as key factor for the development of the region is the necessity to adapt to the increasing participation of China and India in the economy of the world. At the same time, China is becoming a important importer of commodities from Latin America and a competitor in textiles and labor-intensive manufacture goods. The region have to take advantage of the opportunities raised by China s growing economy and, at the same time, adapt to its competition. Consumer Characteristics The Latin America consumer market is composed of 550 million emerging consumers, with average yearly per capita incomes of USD 4,000, immense natural resources and substantial human capital. It accounts for eight percent of world production and grew by more than five percent in the past three years. The consumer market in Latin America is very diversified, is not just an aggregate of low income and poor consumers, as most people would think. It is highly segmented, â€Å"their differences, based on lifestyle and attitudes, have a significant impact on shopping behavior†, â€Å"emerging consumer aspire to buy brandsShow MoreRelatedRussian Economic Overview1278 Words   |  5 PagesEconomic Overview: Although Russia is one of the BRICs’ countries; it is showing some weakness over the last years with the Euro crisis. The country suffered with economic problems that made its economy to slow the foreign demand. With the weaker foreign demand and the domestic fiscal consol idation made the output growth reduced to 3.4% in 2012. The weakness extended to 2013, with first quarter real GDP falling 1.1% from the previous period, reducing 12-month growth to 1.1%, the lowest rate sinceRead MoreBrazil Trade Patterns1516 Words   |  7 PagesBrazil Trade Patterns and Overview The world s seventh wealthiest economy (2011 GDP US$2.2 trillion), Brazil is the largest country in area and population in Latin America and the Caribbean. Brazil was one of the last to fall into recession in 2008 and among the first to resume growth in 2009. Brazil s GDP grew 7.5% in 2010 and 2.7% in 2011, because of the new global slowdown. The Growth Acceleration Plan (PAC, its acronym in Portuguese) was launched in 2007 to increase investment in infrastructureRead MoreEconomic Growth Of Latin America1623 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION: Obscured by the enticement of Asia the Latin American market has been overlooked by major Australian companies. Recent studies show Latin America to be much more appealing for Australian companies than predicted. When it comes to marketing dimension, the largest Latin National market segments – Brazil, Chile, Argentina tends to be compelling for Australian trade as Chile and Brazil are major trade partner in Latin America. The Latin America region has witnessed swift adjustment economicallyRead MoreCase Study : Starbuckss Success1571 Words   |  7 PagesOverview Of The Firm Starbucks was founded by Gordon Bowker, Jerry Baldwin and Zev Siegl in Seattle, Washington on March 30, 1971. To help build their shop, Seigl went to California to learn from a coffee legend Alfred Peet, his â€Å"approach to coffee beans became the cornerstone for Starbucks s reputation: high-grade arabica beans, roasted to a dark extreme by a trained perfectionist roaster† (Business Insights) After a few years the corporation went public, Starbucks was experiencing rapid growthRead MoreGlobalizatioin and the Emerging Market1488 Words   |  6 PagesRepublic of Korea, Vietnams, Indonesia and so on (ANZ Annual Report 2013). In 21st century, Asia and Latin America are perceived as representatives of the emerging market, among them, China and Brazil are two most vital and attractive countries in emerging market. 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Despite the significance of the air cargo industry, it has faced several security issues given the increase of security challenges across the globe. Actually, some of these security issuesRead MoreThe Airline Industry: Trends, Challenges, Strategies1952 Words   |  8 PagesTrends, Challenges, Strategies John Wensveen, Ph.D. Dean, School of Aviation Dowling College New York, USA www.dowling.edu President, Airline Visions www.airlinevisions.com The University of Sydney Faculty of Economics and Business Leadership and Policy Seminar Series Sydney, Australia 23 February 2010 Presentation Objectives †¢ Provide background on the global industry †¢ Present a regional analysis †¢ Discuss current and future evolvement of the industry (trends) †¢ Discuss challenges and strategiesRead MoreOEM, ODM, OBM3016 Words   |  13 PagesCOURSE TITLE Developing Knowledge-based International Businesses in Emerging Economies (CMSE11111) EXAMINATION NUMBER B045292 TITLE OF THE PAPER â€Å"Using the case of a company based in an emerging market, compare its development with the development patterns of domestically owned and foreign owned electronics firms in Asia, as described by Mike Hobday. What are the reasons for any differences you can identify? What does your comparison imply about the firm’s prospects for the future

Essay about Preventing Plagiarism in Writing - 562 Words

TITLE : PREVENTING PLAGIARISM Plagiarism is a act of imprinting another persons writing, conversation, or even ideas. This even includes the information one gets from WebPages, the published papers online and even articles Paraphrasing is also considered plagiarism if done without proper internal citation. Plagiarism stays still unclear because often the boundary between plagiarism and research is unclear. Plagiarism is also considered as academic dishonesty and breach of ethics. Its not a crime though which must have a legal action but in academy and organizations or industries it is considered to be a serious offence. In educational institutions plagiarism is defined in multiple ways. They†¦show more content†¦General knowledge or some points related to common sense of a person do not require any credits to be given as these are factual. Some examples of general knowledge include birth dates , political or other historical events. This information can be considered as public domain. Field Specific common knowledge is also common within a particular field. To be more precise whenever there is a inclusion of facts theories or methods that are not known to the people of a particular discipl ine, citation can be avoided or any credit to the source can be avoided. In the discussion over plagiarism factors responsible for it , methods to avoid plagiarism and proper difference between a material which is plagiarized and one which is mistaken to be plagiarized is understood. As often there is a confusion over this. Plagiarism is a important concept to know and the ways to avoid them must also be learned. It is very important to give proper credit to the contributions of other people. It shows that there is due regard and recognition to their hard work. Plagiarism is more common in academic world. There is a increasing lure among the students and professors job complicates. Learning a concept and the ability to portray what was learned earns due respect . 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Which, can then lead to a zero on a term paper or a degree revocation. The consequences are harsh, but the crime fits the punishment and plagiarism is a serious academic offense. By taking a closer look at what plagiarism is and technology’s role inRead MorePlagiarism And Its Effects On Students862 Words   |  4 Pagescheating. Plagiarism is defined as theft of ideas or work from others (Council of Writing Program Administrators, 2003). This can happen either accidentally or consciously. Higher education institutions now prioritize on educating the students on plagiarism to prevent it from happening. Institutions also set penalties when dishonesty occurs. The students’ understanding of plagiarism is critical in averting accidental or conscious cheating duri ng their student and professional career. 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To plagiarize, as defined by the Merr iam-Webster Online Dictionary, is â€Å"to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as ones own; use (anothers production) without crediting the source; to commit literary theft; present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source.† While it would seem obvious that this would be a bad thing to do and, therefore, easy to avoid, many students andRead MoreThe Silent Harm of Plagiarism Essay1009 Words   |  5 Pagesmind when we think about plagiarism, many people may think of theft or the act of stealing intellectual property. According to Webster-Merriams’ dictionary, plagiarism is â€Å"the act stealing and passing off (the ideas and words of others) as one’s own† (Webster-Merriam). Webster seems to have left a little something out. Plagiarism is not just the act of stealing one’s work. It is also the result of ethical deterioration of academic integrity. In the discussion of plagiarism, a controversial issue i s

Macbeth and the Jacobean Scot Free Essays

In Macbeth, the Jacobean Scot, and the Politics of the Union, Sharon Alker and Holly Faith Nelson demonstrate a well-informed opinion of the relation between the idea of the Jacobian Scot and it’s arguable relation, or lack thereof, to William Shakespeare’s Elizabethan play, Macbeth. Though many scholars find it easy to draw a connection between the traditional Jacobian Scot that was typically presented in Elizabethan plays during the Jacobian era, Alker and Nelson seek to highlight the ambiguous nature of the play by demonstrating the various ways in which it can be read and/or interpreted. Not only this, but Alker and Nelson also manage to shed light on the conflicting aspects of Macbeth in relation to it’s connection with Jacobean ideas and portrayals of Scots at the time. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth and the Jacobean Scot or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the time that Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth, is thought to have been performed in 1606, a huge change was making it’s way across what we now refer to as Great Britain. During this time, the former king of Scotland, James VI, became the king of England as a result of the Union of Crowns, following the death of his cousin, Queen Elizabeth I of England. This union caused much friction between Scotland and England, as many English felt imposed upon and thought the Scottish to be inferior and somewhat barbaric in their ways. Due to the attitudes of many English people towards the Scottish during the Elizabethan era, the Scottish were most often characterized as people who were opposed to what was thought to be â€Å"legitimate† authority by the English, along with being represented as lesser than and in need of subordination to the English. The typical ‘stage Scot’ was often portrayed as dualistic, lacking in loyalty, and intrusive of other’s property in their relentless ambitions for power. However, there were three different views regarding the union of England and Scotland. One English view thought that English systems and such should be most prevalent across Britain, while another view (mainly called for by Scots) looked to equality by maintaining political and religious institutions separately. The third view, held mostly by those who supported King James, sought for a unity â€Å"in the hearts and minds of the two peoples. Due to the fact that Macbeth is thought to have been performed in the time between the proposal of these 3 policies and the actual implementation of any new policies, many critics believe that the play is a direct representation of English views of the ‘Jacobian Scot’. In contrast to this idea, Alker and Nelson would like to â€Å"demonstrate that Shakespeareâ €™s Macbeth does not present a particular position on the Anglo-Scottish politics that defines itself in relation to the belief system of one small political body†. Instead, Alker and Nelson did a more flexible reading of the play that consisted of possible relations to any of the three models of the union. First of all, Alker and Nelson bring the character of Macbeth into consideration, as he is not only the main character of the play, but also natively Scottish. Although Macbeth does seem to maintain all the traditional characteristics of a Jacobian Scot: disloyal, subordinate, and barbaric, Alker and Nelson point out the characteristics of Macbeth that stand in complete contrast to this traditional model. To begin with, the traditional stage Scot would never possess noble values such as loyalty, kinship, and hospitality. However, in Shakespeare’s play the Scottish character of Macbeth, though troubled and duplicitous, is read to possess such qualities somewhere in the make-up of his conscious. This is apparent in Macbeth’s back-and-forth notions of whether or not to kill the king and gain power or preserve his loyalty to the king and maintain his integrity as one of Duncan’s kin. Although Macbeth ultimately proves to allow evil and selfishness to rule his decisions, the agonizing consideration of right and wrong that Macbeth struggles through prior to murdering Duncan shows that Macbeth is not simply a barbaric creature driven solely by greed and desire. Rather, Macbeth is seen working through his conflicting desire for power and his code of honor and sense of respect for the king. The typical stage Scot normally would not embody such qualities as guilt and/or remorse. Also, there is a hint that Macbeth may not fully understand his own desires and actions, as he was not initially driven by the idea of power when the witches first prophesized his coming kinghood. Instead, it was Banquo who first displayed excitement and anxiousness at the witches’ prophecy and spurred later excitement and ambition in Macbeth. Along with Banquo, Lady Macbeth is portrayed to having been more ambitious towards ideas of power and kingship than Macbeth originally was. This aspect of the play hints at the fact that Macbeth was aided, or led to his violent ways, rather than singularly contriving an evil murder plan against the king. The traditional portrayal of the stage Scot would be that of stubborn, insistent, uncivilized, and unconcerned with duties or issues of loyalty. In the case of Macbeth, he was more or less guided into such characteristics as he was governed by his wife’s unrelenting desire for power in order to first summon up such murderous notions and ideas. The typical stage Scot would have possessed these qualities initially, without the need of any sort of encouragement. In conclusion, the character of Macbeth in Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth, as Alker and Nelson would argue, stand in contrast to the role of the typical Jacobian Scot that was predominately presented in Elizabethan plays. Though Macbeth ultimately possessed many of the characteristics that the traditional Jacobian Scot would possess, he also held many contradictory characteristics. Where Scots were typically portrayed as immoral and barbaric, lacking any sense of guilt and/or consideration for others, Macbeth is portrayed as a less-stubborn, remorseful character that is filled with anxiety and logical dualism over any sort of misdeed or wrong doing he considers. Therefore, although Macbeth may be read as a villainous and selfish character driven by greed and other characteristics thought to have been attributed to Scottishness, he can also be read as a regretful and conscious-stricken man whose inner-turmoil is the result of conflicting instincts of morality and of power. How to cite Macbeth and the Jacobean Scot, Papers

Measuring And Monitor Project Performance -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Measuring And Monitor Project Performance? Answer: Introduction Project management plays an integral role in successful completion of a project. This is the reason why majority of the organization adopt a project management approach in implementation of a project. The use of different project management tools help in proper management of a project. Therefore, it can be said that a projects success largely depends on the chosen project management approach. However, there can be certain issues in project management as well such as leadership, insufficient pre pans and inability to track the progress of a project (Trivellas Drimoussis, 2013). The project manger is responsible for tracking the project progress and ensuring that the professional and ethics codes of conduct are followed during the implementation of the project. The 10 weeks learning has been very helpful in understanding the concept and basics of project management. Proper project management approach helps in identification of critical success factors of a project, evaluation of which helps in proper management and implementation of a project (Mir Pinnington, 2014). Project governance is an important aspect of project management and therefore should be tailored according to the specific needs of an organization. Planning and scheduling of the project is another important project need. Proper scheduling of a project is essential to ensure that the project is completed within a given schedule (Heagney, 2016). The project manager of a project is responsible for handling every critical situation of a project including the initial planning and project budgeting. The detailed learning experience of 12 weeks is elaborated in the following paragraphs. Course Learning Outcomes The Project management methods and concepts have been widely adopted by a number of organizations over the years as it helps in improving the methods applied in project management (Turner, 2016). I have a considerable knowledge about the project management methodologies used in different projects from my own personal experience. The increasing use of different project management methodologies have revolutionized the way of project implementation as it has become even more practical and calculative over the years (Kerzner, 2017). Use of proper project management methodology increases the rate of profits of an organization. Whatever be the size of the project, it is needed to be managed. A proper project management methodology helps in overcoming different challenges faced in project implementation by properly planning the project from its initiation phase to its completion. It provides clarity on the processes used in managing a project. I have understood that different organizations adapt to the project management methodologies as it helps in clearly defining the roles of the project team members. The lesson learnt in following a particular approach helps in implementing the same in some other similar projects. A proper project management approach furthermore helps in identifying managing the tasks that are needed to be done in order to successfully implement a project. I have experienced the use of a formal project management methodology in my professional carrier. For successful implementation of any project a proper communication plan is necessary in order to communicate the project progress among all the stakeholders associated with a project. Therefore, it can be said that project management helps in effective decision making and saves a lot of time and money in implementing a project. This is the major reason why organizations adopt different project management methodologies in successful implementation of a project. Evidence I have worked in a software manufacturing company working in development of the different important software. There I have gained a considerable experience about the different project management methodologies that are implemented in the organization. Furthermore, the 12 weeks course learning of project management has helped in gaining a detailed knowledge about the most basic concepts of project management (Schwalbe, 2015). The lecture slides have been a great help in understanding the different project management approaches that can be implemented for successful completion of a project. The role of the project manager and the project supervisor is integral for successful completion of any project. The experience that I have gathered while working on different project has considerably helped me in understanding the importance of project management methodology in successful execution of a project (Kerzner Kerzner, 2017). Critically analyse the impact of Project Management Methodologies upon stakeholders While working on a project, I have understood that stakeholders hold an important position in any project success. Therefore, it is utmost essential to keep the project stakeholders informed about the project progress. Since it is essential for the project team members to inform about the project progress to the stakeholders, choosing a proper project management approach has a large impact on the project stakeholders. Project management methodologies play a large role in systematically planning and executing a project. In almost every project management methodology, stakeholder management is a significant part. While working on different projects, I understood that management of the stakeholders requires interpersonal skills. A proper project management methodology helps in planning a proper way of communicating with the project stakeholders. Project management is a complex process and a difficult challenge mainly in large and complex projects. Proper management of the stakeholders significantly improves and increases the chances of achieving project success. Every project management methodology involves proper evaluation of the project risk, which is one of the major principles of stakeholder management as well. Therefore, a selected project management methodology has a huge impact on the stakeholders associated with the project. Continuous communication with the stakeholder of a project is essential for keeping the stakeholders engaged with the project, as stakeholders communication is a key factor in ensuring the success or failure of a project. The project management methodologies further help in effective management and engagement of the stakeholders associated with a project. While working in one complex projects, I have witnessed the importance of the managing the stakeholders as many important decisions associated with a project is dependent on the project stakeholders. Therefore, it can be said that project management methodologies have a high impact on the project stakeholders. The 12 weeks course learning has given me a brief overview of the different processes of stakeholder management and importance of stakeholders management in project. The project manager is responsible for ensuring proper communication among the stakeholders. This is essential for keeping the stakeholders informed about the project progress. The course of project management has helped me in understanding the impact of the stakeholders on the different project management methodologies chosen for a project. The project management processes associated with the each project methodology is different and therefore a proper project methodology is to be chosen based on the requirements of the project. I have gained this knowledge by working on a real time project with a software company. Furthermore, I have gained knowledge about the need of keeping the stakeholders engaged for a project. Therefore, it is quite evident that project management methodologies have a huge impact on the stakeholde rs associated with a project. Explain and justify the major elements of a Project Management Methodology that might meet the needs of an organisation The major elements of the project management methodology that an organization needs are proper scheduling and management of the project within the set budget. Apart from this, one of the major elements of any project management methodology is evaluation of scope of a project. It is important to evaluate the scope of the project as it helps in identifying and listing the project objectives. An improper scope selection will eventually lead to failure of the project. Management of project scope indicates a set of processes that ensures that a project is accurately defined and mapped. Throughout this course study, I have gained considerable knowledge about the different scope management techniques that project managers undertake for successful completion of a project. Another major element of a project management methodology is dividing a project into number of phases. A project management methodology is generally chosen for proper implementation of the project. Planning phase is another major element of project management methodology. It is one of the initial project stages upon which the entire project will be based on. I have understood the importance of the different project management elements that an organization needs to undertake for ensuring the success of the project (Canils Bakens, 2012). The main aim of an organization implementing a project is its successful completion within the allocated time. The planning phase of the project plans the different stages and processes associated with a project. The knowledge about the importance of scope, planning and scheduling is an important need of an organization as these elements of project management contributes to the success of the project. Requirements gathering and planning are major elements of project management methodology that meets the needs of an organization. Use of different project management tools such as Gantt chart and different scheduling tools helps an organization in implementing a project in a specified time frame. EvidenceWhile working on a software project I have experienced and understood the importance of the project scheduling. One of the major needs of an organization working on software projects is to deliver the product within a scheduled time (Niazi et al., 2016). Furthermore, the 12 week course on project management has given me a clear idea of the different project management tools and elements that are an integral part of any project. Therefore, it is quite evident that an organization needs to have a detailed knowledge about the different project management tools and elements in order to implement a project successfully (Dyb, Dingsyr Moe, 2014). Working in the 10 weeks portfolios has further help me in gaining a detailed knowledge about the different processes and methods of project management, that will be a great help for organizations working on different projects. Conclusion Throughout 12 weeks of learning about project management methodologies, I have understood the fundamental knowledge about the different project management methodologies and the detailed process of project management. Throughout this course of project management, I have understood the importance of critical thinking and critical writing. Critical thinking helps in understanding and evaluating the logical connection between different new ideas and helps in analysing the different perspective of different individuals. Critical writing on the other hand helps in engaging to more critical concepts and writing it down. There are certain constraints associated with a project. The different constraints such as time cost and quality ensures successful completion of the project. However, the project success largely depends on the knowledge, understanding and implementation techniques that constitute the basic elements of project management. The project management course and learning of 12 week s has made be understand the importance of a project manager in ensuring project success (Doloi, 2012). The project manager is responsible for carrying out the different important stages associated with a project, such as, communication planning, risk management, developing the project control strategies and so on. Evaluating the project scope is an important element of project management, as improper scope evaluation results in failure of the projects (Marcelino-Sdaba et al., 2014). Implementation of a project without a proper project management methodology might not be successful as it is one of the significant factors of a project. Apart from this, developing a proper communication plan is important to communicate the project progress among the different stakeholders associated with a project (Beringer, Jonas Kock, 2013). Choosing a particular project management approach has a high impact on the stakeholders associated with a project. One of the major elements of project management is proper governance of the project (Fleming Koppelman, 2016,). Project governance however, should follow the legal rules and regulations. Project governance is an essential part of project management as it helps in ensuring proper progress of a project. One of the major elements project methodologies is project scheduling and use of work breakdown structures to gather an idea about the works that are needed to be completed within the project (Devi Reddy, 2012). Work breakdown structures are used to break a task into a number of simpler tasks, successful implementation of which will lead to project success. The different elements of project management methodologies correspond to the need of an organization working on a project. The 12 weeks learning experience has provided a detailed knowledge about the different project management methodologies that are used in implementation of a project (Serrador Pinto, 2015). References Beringer, C., Jonas, D., Kock, A. (2013). Behavior of internal stakeholders in project portfolio management and its impact on success.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), 830-846. Canils, M. C., Bakens, R. J. (2012). The effects of Project Management Information Systems on decision making in a multi project environment.International Journal of Project Management,30(2), 162-175. Devi, T. R., Reddy, V. S. (2012). Work breakdown structure of the project.Int J Eng Res Appl,2(2), 683-686. Doloi, H. (2012). Cost overruns and failure in project management: Understanding the roles of key stakeholders in construction projects.Journal of construction engineering and management,139(3), 267-279. Dyb, T., Dingsyr, T., Moe, N. B. (2014). Agile project management. InSoftware project management in a changing world(pp. 277-300). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Fleming, Q. W., Koppelman, J. M. (2016, December). Earned value project management. Project Management Institute. Heagney, J. (2016).Fundamentals of project management. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Kerzner, H. (2017).Project management metrics, KPIs, and dashboards: a guide to measuring and monitoring project performance. John Wiley Sons. Kerzner, H., Kerzner, H. R. (2017).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Marcelino-Sdaba, S., Prez-Ezcurdia, A., Lazcano, A.M.E. and Villanueva, P., (2014). Project risk management methodology for small firms.International journal of project management,32(2), pp.327-340. Mir, F. A., Pinnington, A. H. (2014). Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International journal of project management,32(2), 202-217. Niazi, M., Mahmood, S., Alshayeb, M., Qureshi, A. M., Faisal, K., Cerpa, N. (2016). Toward successful project management in global software development.International Journal of Project Management,34(8), 1553-1567. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Serrador, P., Pinto, J. K. (2015). Does Agile work?A quantitative analysis of agile project success.International Journal of Project Management,33(5), 1040-1051. Trivellas, P., Drimoussis, C. (2013). Investigating leadership styles, behavioural and managerial competency profiles of successful project managers in Greece.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,73, 692-700. Turner, R. (2016).Gower handbook of project management. Routledge.

8 Ways to Tell If a Website Is Reliable

8 Ways to Tell If a Website Is Reliable For every reputable website, there are dozens chock full of information thats inaccurate, unreliable or just plain nutty. For the unwary, inexperienced journalist  or researcher, such sites can present a minefield of possible problems. With that in mind, here are eight ways to tell if a website is reliable. 1. Look for Sites from Established Institutions The internet is full of websites that were started five minutes ago. What you want are sites associated with trusted institutions that have been around for awhile and have a proven track record of reliability and integrity. Such sites may include those run by government agencies, non-profit organizations,  foundations, or colleges and universities. 2. Look for Sites with Expertise You wouldnt go to an auto mechanic if you broke your leg, and you wouldnt go to the hospital to have your car repaired. Im making an obvious point: Look for websites that specialize in the kind of information youre seeking. So if youre writing a story on a flu outbreak, check out medical websites, such as the Centers for Disease Control, and so on. 3. Steer Clear of Commercial Sites Sites run by companies and business - their websites usually end in .com - are more often than not trying to sell you something. And if theyre trying to sell you something, chances are whatever information theyre presenting will be tilted in favor of their product. Thats not to say corporate sites should be excluded entirely. But be wary. 4. Beware of Bias Reporters write a lot about politics, and there are plenty of political websites out there. But many of them are run by groups that have a bias in favor of one political party or philosophy. A conservative website isnt likely to report objectively on a liberal politician, and vice versa. Steer clear of sites with a political ax to grind and instead look for ones that are non-partisan. 5. Check the Date As a reporter you need  the most up-to-date information available, so if a website seems old, its probably best to steer clear. One way to check - look for a last updated date on the page or site. 6. Consider  the Sites Look If a site looks poorly designed and amateurish, chances are it was created by amateurs. Steer clear. But be careful - just because a website is professionally designed doesnt mean its reliable. 7. Avoid Anonymous Authors Articles or studies whose authors are named are often - though not always - more reliable than works produced anonymously. It makes sense: If someone is willing to put their name on something theyve written, chances are they stand by the information it contains. And if you have the name of the author, you can always Google them to check their credentials. 8. Check the Links Reputable websites often link to each other. You can find out which other websites link to the site youre researching by conducting a link-specific Google search. Enter the following text into the Google search field, replacing [WEBSITE] with the domain of the site youre researching: link:[WEBSITE].com The search results will show you which websites link to the one youre researching. If lots of sites are linking to your site, and those sites seem reputable, then thats a good sign.

Free Essays on Eastern And Western Russia

. Peter was the first to reform and simplify the Cyrillic alphabet used for Russian. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries., partly as a result of the work of the great Russian writer Aleksandr Pushkin, the Russians succeeded in throwing off the dominance of Church Slavonic and in developing their own tongue into a literary language, which was, nevertheless, influenced and even enriched by the Church Slavonic legacy. Literary Russian is based on the dialect used in and around the city of Moscow, which became the leading cultural center of the country in the 15th century. Extensive reforms, aimed at simplifying and standardizing Russian writing and grammar, took place after the Revolution of 1917. Western influence manifested itself though a number of translations and also through the establishment of the first theater in Russia. The Westernizing process was greatly accelerated under the rule of Peter I, and at the same time the Russian alphabet was revised... Free Essays on Eastern And Western Russia Free Essays on Eastern And Western Russia Russia is the world’s largest country by land area, and it ranks sixth in terms of the most densely populated countries. Russia occupies much of Eastern Europe and all of Northern Asia. Because of the fact that Russia is divided by its location within these two continents accounts for the diverse cultural aspects found within the country. This also accounts for the split between East and West, between traditional Russian values and Western influence. These differences may be seen in many ways, some of which include: Russian language, literature, art and architecture, music, and politics. The development of the Russian language is not easily traced historically because until the 17th century, the religious and cultural language of the Russian people was not Russian, but Church Slavonic. When Peter the Great undertook the task to Westernize Russia in the early 18th century, the Russian language was subjected to Western influences and absorbed a number of foreign words. Peter was the first to reform and simplify the Cyrillic alphabet used for Russian. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries., partly as a result of the work of the great Russian writer Aleksandr Pushkin, the Russians succeeded in throwing off the dominance of Church Slavonic and in developing their own tongue into a literary language, which was, nevertheless, influenced and even enriched by the Church Slavonic legacy. Literary Russian is based on the dialect used in and around the city of Moscow, which became the leading cultural center of the country in the 15th century. Extensive reforms, aimed at simplifying and standardizing Russian writing and grammar, took place after the Revolution of 1917. Western influence manifested itself though a number of translations and also through the establishment of the first theater in Russia. The Westernizing process was greatly accelerated under the rule of Peter I, and at the same time the Russian alphabet was revised...

The expert system of Knowledge Management Assignment - 1

The expert system of Knowledge Management - Assignment Example First, they are prone to human errors, the people who compile the information may not have been accurate in that field, and this means that application of that knowledge will tend to be misleading. For this case, human beings are designing expert based technologies in different fields. This technology is expected to provide intelligence to human beings in solving challenges in the different areas. As a consultant I would advocate for the use of experts systems over knowledge based systems. The process of solving a problem starts with application of facts which are known and proceeding to complex ones in the specific field (Maher, 1986). This path of search has to move from the real problem to the solution or objective in question. The expert system is however challenged by a few rules that govern it. First, it should be understood that the experts system has to rely on human knowledge. The system acquires this knowledge though practice over time. Each information is fed into the syst em to make it effective. Human beings have the mandate of collecting the small pieces of information and accumulating it in a knowledge base. Expert systems may not be resourceful in reasoning about the processes which are involved. This implies that for an expert system to be effective, a human expert must feed information into it (Szakwani, 2007). One of the main advantages with an expert system is that it is able to make solutions to problems that would rather have involved a specialized expert, who in this case is a human being.

The Tenant of Wildfell Hall by Anne Bronte Essay

The Tenant of Wildfell Hall by Anne Bronte - Essay Example The structure of the novel is a story within a story. The writer introduces a diary entry in the middle of the novel to tell the story of how Helen married and ran away from her former husband. The diary, told from Helen’s point of view, forms the bulk of the novel and most of the themes are to be found in this part of the book. Through her diary entries, Helen lets the reader know exactly what she went through in her marriage and what pushed her to want to leave her husband. It is through the diary narrative that the reader gets to know more about what society expected of women and the role of men during the Victorian era. The complex structure of the novel depicts the complex social situation of the woman during the Victorian era. The Tenant of Wildfell Hall talks about the issues of marriage, divorce and remarriage during the Victorian era. The main focus is on the place of the woman in a patriarchal society which considers a woman to have no rights whatsoever once she is married. In this society, the woman is supposed to be the angel in the house, the good person who is there to serve her husband and take care of her children. The heroine in the story is Helen, a woman who gets married to Arthur Huntington, a character presented as lacking in basic morals and sense of responsibility. Huntington represents the male figures during the Victorian era who drink themselves to stupors, gamble and party without having any regard for the consequences of their actions (106). On the other hand, their faithful spouses are required to put up with their roguish behaviors and ask no questions at all. Helen’s outspoken nature often puts her in conflict with those around her since it is expected that she should not question what her husband does. At the beginning of the narration, Helen meets and falls in love with Huntington who is handsome and has a charming personality which Helen falls

Is Othello a Victim or Villain?

Is Othello a Victim or Villain? This is a play about Othello, a Moorish general in the Venetian army. He is the ultimate villain in this play as opposed to Iago, the high ranking soldier. Most would agree as a matter of fact that Iago is undoubtedly the villain of this tragic story. In order to perceive this, a superficial assessment of the two main characters in the play; Othello and Iago, should be made. The art of analysis on its own rejects the simple easy explanations but rather deals in the complex and mystifying facts. Although Iago is the natural nuisance and thus the obvious bad guy, his destiny is to create the tragedy that this play later becomes. A lengthy consideration in addition to an open mind will show the truth of the matter. Othello is the actual villain. Even though he initially lacks any malicious thoughts and ideas, he eventually gets to become a murderer due to emotionally untrustworthy and jealousy. As you read the play it is not common to associate Othello with such descriptive words as conceited, though he is in every sense of the word. As the plot unfolds it is already clear that Othello is going to fall from grace in a huge way and his undoing will be his insatiable ego. He knows his abilities as a great warrior and his superb sword wielding abilities. His prowess on the battle field raised his ranks to the brim of the military defenses of Venice city. He gained his lofty status due to his expertise as a military officer and with that came his conceit. When Iago tells him of the threats from Brabantio, he says, Let him do his spite: My services which I have done the signiory shall out-tongue his complaints (1509). He walks with an air of over confidence depicting tones of arrogance in saying that no one has the authority to accuse is reputation. And to add on to that he shows his lofty opinion, as lofty as it can be, by saying, I fetch my life and being from men of royal siege (1509). His head is swelling with the status and importance given to him by the men of power in the city of Venice. He starts to think he is infallible, great and unfaultable, thus weakening him to the crucial insights of his enemies as to what they should do to discredit Othello from grace, the Moor already changes with my poison: dangerous conceits are in their natures poisons (1555). Whilst Iago reveals his detailed plot, we come to discover another vice possessed by Othello, he has a jealous mind. This comes as a result of insecurities of his colour, his education and his age. I am black and have not those soft parts of conversation that clamberers have, for I am declined into the vale of years (1553). Othellos jealousy is fed by the aforementioned insecurities. He says, As he (Cassio) shall smile, Othello shall go mad; and his unbookish jealousy must construe poor Cassios smiles, gestures, and light behavior quite in the wrong (1569). Iago therefore only has to create an opportunity for Othellos jealousy to initiate his downfall. Finally, we take note of his emotional dishonesty. As soon as Iago plants his thoughts, Othellos head and heart quickly fills up with contempt and bitterness. He openly confesses his love for Desdemona but he is easily convinced otherwise by Iago due to his dishonest nature meaning he was not being truthful about his love for Desdemona. He says, If she be false, O then Heavn mocks itself: Ill not believe it (1554), This makes him sound like a passionate man yet afterwards gets mad and discredits Emilia as a simple bawd. (1557) since she says the Desdemona is faithful to him. This illustrates his love being no more that a sad illusion, simply an obsession to say the least. His emotional untruthfulness is connected to all his other vices and feeds of them creating a dangerous monster out on a once adorable and admirable man. However as much as Othello is the villain of the story, at more than one instance he has appeared to look like the victim as well. He appears to be a victim of his society and seems as though Iago toys with his irritable nature at his pleasure. Othello seems to be very gullible and at times very distant from the truth. He is innocent to the working mayhems and mischievous plans Iago comes up with. Othello loses his tempers easily as a child does when frustrated and Iago knew how to play with his shaky ego that amounted due to the thought that his wife is heating on him. And of course that is blatant lie. All the grace and gentleness that was Desdemona was easily mistaken for flirtations to the unsuspecting Othello. His uncontrollable temper and the proof caused the untimely death of his ever faithful wife. His reaction was like that of a child whose favorite toy had been snatched away. His anger does not even give him the time to listen to her side of the story and refuses to listen to her pleas of innocence. Though he has an evil side to him, Othello had turned into an insane state of mind and one could actually state that he might not have realized what he was doing until it was a little bit too late. While Othello might have some virtuous attributes, there is no doubt that his emotional dishonesty, jealousy and conceit all sum up to make him the ultimate villain of this Shakespearian classic play. In the end it is the unwitting prophecy Iago makes that comes true, O, beware, my lord, of jealousy; It is the green-eyed monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on; that cuckold lives in bliss Who, certain of his fate, loves not his wronger; But, O, what damned minutes tells he oer Who dotes, yet doubts, suspects, yet strongly loves!(1550). Yes, Iago should be the villain, but we hugely expect this of him, and he therefore lives up to just what we would expect.. The true bad guy, who gives this play its twist is Othello the disingenuous, suspicious and the proud Moor of Venice. Isolation of Elements: General Principles and Processes Isolation of Elements: General Principles and Processes Introduction to Metallurgy Our planet earth is a vast source of elements which are distributed in its crust, water bodies and atmosphere. Out of these elements nearly 80 per cent are metals which occur either in the combined state or in free state (called motive state). Metals occurring in free state are copper, silver, gold and platinum group metals. Not only metals some non-metals also occur in the free state, such as, carbon, sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen and group 18 elements (the noble gases). Apart from metals and non-metals some elements occur as metalloids which show both the properties of metals and non-metals. Metalloid silicon is the backbone of electronic industry and solar cells. Distribution of elements in the above three categories in shown in the periodic Table (Fig. 6.1, Ref www.wikipedia.org) Fig. 6.1 Some most abundant elements in the combined form as solutes are: In earth crust In sea water O, Si, Al, Fe, Cl-, Na+, SO42- Ca, Na, K and Mg MG2+, Ca2+ and K+ Some life supporting metals are iron, calcium and magnesium. Chlorophyll, a compound of magnesium, is responsible for the photosynthesis process in releasing oxygen. General principles of metallurgy For any application of a metal it has to be produced in a pure state. Here lies the importance or metallurgy. Metallurgy involves the initial purification and concentration of the ore and its subsequent reduction to metal. Minerals and ores Naturally occurring sources of metals are called minerals which are generally contaminated with impurities such as days and siliceous matter. A mineral which is rich in the metal compound and which can be used to extract metal economically is termed as an ore. Thus, all ores are minerals but all minerals are not ores. The impurities which are generally present in ores are called gangue. Following is the list of some important ores of a few metals: Metal Ore Chemical composition Iron (Fe) Photograph of metals Iron pyrites Hematite Magnetite FeS2 Fe2O3 Fe3O4 Aluminium (Al) Photograph of metals Bauxite Cryolite Al2O3 . 2H2O Na3 Al F6 Copper (Cu) Photograph of metals Copper pyrites Cuprite Malachite (Green) Cu Fe S2 Cu2O CuCO3 . Cu(OH)2 Photograph of metals Zinc (Zn) Calamine Zinc blende Zincite ZnCO3 ZnS ZnO From the above list of ores and also from literature (www.wikipedia.org) You will find that metals generally occur as: Oxides Sulphides Carbonates Halides Silicates Steps in the extraction of metals Concentration of ore Reduction of ore (Chemical reduction or electrochemical reduction) Refining of metal Concentration of ore Ores are usually contaminated with sand and clay minerals called gangue. Therefore, the first step to obtain the metal from the ore is to remove as much gangue as possible. To do so the ore is crushed to fine particles and subjected to the following methods of concentration: Hydraulic washing Magnetic Separation Froth flotation method Hydraulic washing Hydraulic washing is done with an upward flow of water. In this process lighter gangue particles are washed away leaving behind the desired heavy are particles. Magnetic separation This method is based on the different magnetic behavior of gangue particles and the ore. The conclutration of ore is done by putting the dried crushed ore on a conveyor belt moving around a powerful magnetic roller. In this way the ore is separated from the gangue particles. As an example, magnetite is ferromagnetic and on (Fe3O4). Passing over a magnetic roller it gets carried away and made free from non-magnetic gangue. Froth Flotation This method is designed for the concentration of sulphide ores. The method is based on the relative density of gangue particles and ore particles. Either of two can be made to float on the aqueous surface with air bubbles and be collected. This is achieved by adding some chemical compounds in water. The arrangement is shown is Fig. 6. Air is blown with pressure to create froth which engulphes either the gangue or ore particles. Following compounds: Frothers: Synthetic detergents, pine, oil, eucalyptus oil or coal tar. Collectors: X anthates . These impart water repellent properties to the surface of the ore particles to be floated. Froth Stabilisers: Cresols and aniline. Depressants: Sodium cyanide. The purpose of a depressant is to make ineffective one component of the mixed ore. For example, from a mixture of ZnS (sphalerite) and PbS (galena) ZnS is NaCNwhile heavier PbS particles float on the surface. Leaching Leaching is extration of an active ingradient of the low grade ore. This is done by dissolving the desired component in a suitable chemical solution.[ Example Are: Leaching of low grade carbonate and oxide ores of copper by dilute sulphuric acid: CuCO3(S) + H2SO4(aq) → CuSO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) CuO(S) + H2SO4(aq) → CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l) Leaching of amphoteric arebauxide (Al2O3) with hot aqueous sodium hydroxide when impurities such as Fe2O3 and silicates remain Al2O3(S) + 2NaOH(aq) + 3H2O(l) 2Na[Al(OH)4] aq Na [Al (OH)4] is converted to pure Al2O3 by passing CO2 gas and heating the product Al(OH)3: Na[Al(OH)4](aq)+CO2(g) → Al(OH)3(S) + NaHCO3(aq) Al(OH)3(S) Al2O3(S) + 3H2O(g) Leaching of gold and silver with aqueous sodium cyanide solution in the presence of air: 4 Au(S) + 8NaCN(aq) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) → 4Na[Au(CN)2](aq) + 4NaOH(aq) Ag(S) + 8NaCH(aq) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) → 4Na[AgKN)2](aq) + 4NaOH(aq) The respective metals can be obtained by adding zinc which is a more electropositive metal than either gold or silver: 2Na [Au(CN)2](aq) + Zn(S) → Na2 [Zn(CN)4](aq) + 2 Au (S) Conversion of ore to oxide Metals used in huge amounts generally occur as sulphides, oxides or carbonates. For sulphide and carbonate ores it is necessary to convert them into oxide forms prior to their reduction to metals. This conversion is necessary due to the following reason: Availability of a less costly reducing agent The reducing agent should not interact chemically with the metal produced. Availability of a suitable furnace. The production of metal should be cost effective. Fewer impurities There is hardly a reducing agent which meets all the above requirements. Electropositive metals such as magnesium, calcium and aluminium can be used for the chemical reduction of oxide ores. These metals can not be used for the large scale production of less electropositive metals because of their high cost. However, carbon as coke fits well as a reducing agent within the above listed parameters. Its oxide, carbon monoxide is also a very good reducing agent. The efficacy of carbon monoxide as a reducing agent increases with the increase in temperature. One serious drawback of coke is that it reacts with many transition metals and some non-transition metals at higher temperatures to form carbides. However, carbon as coke and carbon monoxide remain the two versatile reducing agents for iron ores. For carbon to be used as a reducing agent the sulphide or carbonate ores have to be converted into their respective oxide forms. Carbon does not reduce sulphide ores to give metals. To find out the reason consider the following two reduction reactions: 2MS (S) + C(S) 2M (l or S) + CS2(g) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.(i) (sulphide form) MO (S) + C (S) M (l or S) + CO (g) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (ii) (Oxide form) For these two reduction reactions by carbon the Gibbs energy of the reaction should be negative. This can happen only when à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  G for CS2 will be more negative than à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  G for MS (first reaction); and for the second reaction à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  G for CO should be more negative than à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  G for MO. Thermodynamically the first reaction where CS2 is formed is not feasible, but the record reaction is feasible. It may be noted that CS2 is very much less stable than CO gas. Therefore, the sulphide ores are first converted into the oxide form before reducing them with coke. This is done by heating the sulphide ores in the presence of roasting the sulphide ors is that a by-product sulphur dioxide (SO2) is obtained which is used to manufacture sulphuric acid. To get the ores into their respective oxide forms following processes are used: Calcination Calcination is heating the ores in the absence of air. This method is used for the carbonate, hydroxide and hydrated ores CaCO3(S) CaO(S) + CO2(g) (calcite) MgCO3. CaCO3(S) MgO(S) + CaO(S) + 2CO2(g) (Dolomite) CuCO3. Cu(OH)2(S) 2CuO(S) + CO2(g) + H2O(g) (Malachite) Calcination is generally done is a reverberatory furnace (Fig. 6. Ref www.wikipedia.org). This process makes the ore process and easily workable. Roasting Roasting is heating the ores in the presence of air. This is done mainly for sulphide ores: 2 Fe S2 (S) + 5O2(g) → 2FeO(S) + 2SO2(g) (iron pyrite) 2Cu2S(S) + 3O2(g) → 2Cu2O(S) + 2SO2(g) (copper glance) 2ZuS(S) + 3O2(g) → 2PbO(S) + 2SO2(g) (Galena) Roasting is done in reverberatory furnace (Fig. 6.4 Fef. www.wikipedia.org) Roasting also removes volatile impurities like sulphur, arsenic and phosphorus as their volatile oxides: S(S) + O2 (g) → SO2(g) 4AS(S) + 3O2(g) → 2AS2O3(g) P4(S) + 5O2(g) → P4O10(g) Student Activity 1 Metals used in an ordinary filament bulb Draw the figure or an ordinary bulb Label various metals used in it Give reason as to why tungsten metal is used as the filament Student Worksheets Student Worksheet 1 Which metal is liquid at room temperature Aluminium Lead Mercury Zinc Leaching is generally used for the following ores of metals Lead Copper Iron Aluminium In Aluminium-thermite process the reducing agent used is Carbon Hydrogen Aluminium Sodium Heating of ores in the absence of air is known as Roasting Calcination Leaching Bensemerization Froth flotation process is used to concentrate the following ore Halide Silicates Sulphide carbonate how do metals occur in nature by virtue of their reactivity giving chemical equations describe the process of calcinations and roasting, respectively. Why are sulphide ores roasted to their oxide forms before their reduction with coke? Describe the principle of leaching with suitable examples. Describe the principle of froth flotation process. How is PbS ore concentration ewhen it is contaminated with ZnS? SUMMARY S. No. Description Ore A mineral with high concentration of metal compound which is used to extract metal profitably. Occurrence of metals in nature Oxides Sulphides Carbonates Silicates Gangue Undesired materials present in ore. Metallurgy Process of isolation of metals from ores involving the steps: Concentration of ore Reduction of ore to metal Purification of metal Concentration of ore Magnetic Froth floatation (for sulphide ores) Leaching Leaching Extraction with a suitable solvent for low grade ores. Calcinations Heating of ores (carbonate or hydroxide) in the absence of air. Roasting Heating of ores (sulphide ores) in the presence of air. Smelting Industrial reduction process to obtain metal from ore. Reducing agents used in smelting Hydrogen Carbon as coke Aluminium (In Alumino-thermite process Air Electrolytic Refining of crude metal Liquation Cupellation Besemerization (known as oxidative refining) Vapour phase (van Arkel and de Boer, and Mond processes). Zone refining (for silicon) Hydrometallurgy Electrolytic Ellingham diagrams Curves of Gibbs energy vs temperature. Used to select a suitable reducing agent. LOW CHART 1. 2. Classification of ores on the basis of the metal compounds Concentration of ores on the basis of their chemical nature 3. 4. Reduction of ore to get the metal choosing a suitable reducing agent Purification of crude metal based on the nature of impurities present Crossword A mineral having high concentration of a metal compound. ORE Heating or ore in the absence of air. CALCINATIONS Heating of ore in the presence of air. ROASTING Valuable by-product during roasting. SO2 gas Extraction of low grade ores. LEACHING Concentration of ore by proving air bubbles. FROTH FLOTATION A furnace used for the smelting of iron ore. BLAST FURNACE Process of reduction of metal oxides by aluminium. ALUMINO-THERMITE PROCESS Process used to obtain very high pure silicon. ZONE REFINING Carbon monoxide is used to purify nickel. MONDS PROCESS Zirconium tetraiodide (Zrl4) vapours are decomposed on heated tungsten filament. ARKEL-DE BOER PROCSS Sodium is obtained by passing electric current in molten sodium chloride. ELECTROLYTIC REDUCTION ADDITIONAL RESOURCE LINKS www.wikipedia.org Reduction of ore to crude metal By using the process of reduction, roasted or calcined ores are converted to crude metal. Different reducing agents are used depending upon the reaction between the metal oxide and the reducing agent. Reduction with carbon : FeZO3, CuO, ZuO, SuO2, PbO etc. Reduction with Aluminium : FeZO3, Cr2O3, Mn3O4, TiO2 etc. Reduction with Magnesium : B2O3, TiCl4, etc Reduction with hydrogen : WO3, MOO3, GeO2, CO3O4 etc Reduction with CO : Fe2O4, FeZO3, PbO, CuO Electrolytic reduction : Electrolyzing of oxides, hydroxides or chlorides in fused state. Smelting : This is a process in which oxide of a metal is mixed with coke and a suitable flux. The mixture is heated to a high temperature in a blast furnace. Iron, Copper, Zinc and tin can be obtained by this process. Carbon is a good reducing agent below 983K where as above this temperature CO acts as reducing agent. ZnO(S) + C(S) Zn(S) + CO(g) Zincite + 2C(S) Sn(S) + 2CO(g) Cassitesite Pondered anthracite Fe2 + 3C(S) 2Fe(S) + 3CO(g) Haemetite CuO(S) + C(S) Cu(S) + CO(g) A flux is a substance which is added to roated or calcined ore during smelting to remove the non-fusible impurities of metallic oxides, silica, and silicates etc. During smelting flux combines with the non-fusible impurity to convert it into fusible material called slag. The slag being light float over the molten metal from where it is removed. Flux is of two types: Acidic flux SiO2 : Basic flux Lime stone (CaCO3) and Magnetite (MgCO3) SiO2 + MgCO3 MgSio3 + SiO2 + CaCO3 CaSiO3 + Hydrometallurgy : Copper, Silver and gold are extracted by this process. The process is based on the principle that more electropositive metal can displace less electro positive metal from its salt solution. The one is treated with such seagents that the metal forms a soluble compound. On adding more electropositive metal to the solution, the less electropositive metal present in the solution is precipitated. Example: Extraction of Copper : Malachite ore is roasted and oxide formed is dissolved in sulphuric acid. On adding scrap iron to the solution, copper is precipitated. Cu(OH)2 . CuC → 2CuO(S) + H2O(P) + C CuO(S) + H2S → CuS + CuS + Fe(S) → Cu(S) + FeS Extraction of silver : ore is dissolved in NaCN solution and air is blown followed by addition of Zinc turnings. Silver is precipitated. Ag2S + 4NaCN → 2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Na2S 2Na [Ag(CN)2] + Zn → Na2 [Zn(CN)4] + 2Ag Solution Acid flux used to remove basic impurities Basic flux used to remove acidic impurities Reduction with hydrogen :Some of he metal oxides (mostly transition metals) can react with carbon at high temperatures to give metal carbides which resist further oxidation. Oxides of these metal, are better reduced by hydrogen gas. i.e. WO3 + 3H2 W + 3H2O(g) MOO3 + 3H2 Mo + 3H2O(g) GeO2 + 2H2 Ge + 2H2O(g) CO3O4 + 4H2 3Co + 2H2O(g) Using H2(G), metals are obtained in small scale as hydrogen is highly explosive. Aluminium reduction method: This method is also called Alumino-thermite process. Some of the metal oxides cannot be reduced by carbon as affinity of oxygen for the metal is more than for carbon, also, metal may form carbide at high temperature. Such metallic oxides are reduced by using aluminium powder. The reaction is initiated by the using barium per oxide and a small piece of Mg ribbon. Fig. Cr2 + 2Al(S) 2Cr(P) + Al2 Fe2 + 2Al(S) 2Fe(P) + Al2 3Mn3 + 8Al(s) 9Mn(P) +4Al2 Function of BaO2 is to provide oxygen to magnesium when lot of heat is volved which initiates the thermite process. Air reduction : Sulphide ores of less electro positive metals such as Hg, Pb and Cu etc are heated in air to partially convert the ore into oxide which then reacts with the remaining sulphide in absence of air to give the metal and SO2 gas. 2HgS(S) +3 2HgO + 2S 2HgO(S) +HgS(S) 3Hg + S Reaction on p-5 This process may also be called ante reduction process. 2PbS + 3O2 2PbO + 2S 2Pbu + PbS 3Pb + S 2Cu2S + 3O2 2Cu20 + 2S 2Cu20 + Cu2S 6Cu + S Reduction by Electrolysis : The oxides of highly electropositive metals of group I, II and Al element of group etc cannot temperatures and these can form carbides. These metals are obtained by electrolysis of their oxides, hydroxides or chlorides in fused state. To lower the fusion temperatures or to increase the conductivity or both a small amount of other salt is added. The metal is liberated at cathode. Sodium metal is obtained by electrolysis of fused mixture of Nacl and Cacl2 (downs process) or by electrolysis of fused sodium hydroxide (Costners process). Nacl → Na+ + cl- Fused At anode cl- → Cl + e- Cl + cl → c At Cathode Na+ + e- → Na(l) Aluminium metal is obtained by electrolysis of fused mixture of alumina and Gyolite (Na3[Al F6]) Na3 Al → 3Na F(P) + Al Al →Al3+ + 3F- At anode F- → F + e- F+F → F2(a) 2A+ 6 → 4Al + 3O2(g) At cathode Al3+ + 3e- → A(l) Anode gets cosseted by oxygen liberated during electrolysis, which needs replacement from time to time. Refining of metals: Metals obtained by any of the reduction method except electrolytic reduction contains impurities. Refining of metals is process where by undesired impurities present in the metals are removed. Different refining processes may be applied depending upon the nature of the metal and nature of impurities. Name of the Process Metal to be refined Liquation Low melting metals like Sn, Pb, Bi and Hq etc. Cupellation Silver containing lead. (Impure silver containing lead is heated in cupel made of bone ash or cement and a blast of air is passed over the molten mass. The impurities are oxidized and removed with the blast of air) Bessemerisation Fe and Cu Vapour phase refining There are two methods Monds process Impure Ni is heated with CO(g)at 323K when volatile Ni (CO)4is formed. These vapours of Ni(VO)4are passed into another chamber maintained at 306K when Ni (CO)4decomposes to pure Ni which gets deposited on small Ni balls kept in the chamber and carbon-monoxide gas is rejected. Ni(S)+4CO(g)Ni(CO)4Ni(S)+ 4CO(g) Van Arkel Process Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Th, B are refined by this method. Impure metal is heated with I2, producing volatile T1I4,, ZrI4or BI3. These vapours are passed over electrically heated filament of Tungsten. The vapours decompose, metal gets deposited over the filament and iodine liberated is . Ti(S)+ 2TiTi(s) + 2 Zr(S)+ 2ZnZr(s) + 2 2B(S)+ 32B→ 2B(s) + 3 Zone refining Highly pure silicon or gernanium required for making semi-conductors are refined by this method. The impure rod of silicon or germanium is surrounded by a heating cir-l which can move from one end to another. The heater is allowed to move in one particular direction. As the heater moves away, the metal capitalizes and impurities move along the direction of the movement of the heater. The process is repeated a number of times when a small portion of the rod gets purified. The end portion of the rod having high concentration of impurities can be cut and disconded. Electrolytic refining Most of the metals like copper, silver, gold, aluminium, lead etc are refined by this process. The impure metal is made the anode and a thin sheet of pure metal is made a cathode. The electrolytic solution consists generally of an aqueous solution of a salt containing some acid or a complex of the metal. Purification of Copper Anode Impure copper Cathode Thin sheets of pure copper Electrolyte An aqueous solution of copper sulphate containing some H2SO4. Purification of Silver Anode: Impure silver Cathode: Thin sheet of pure Ag Electrolyte An aqueous solution of ASNO3containing HNO3. Pb Anode: Impure metal Cathode: Sheet of pure lead Electrolyte A solution of PbS1F6containing 8-10 of H2S1F6. Purification of Sn Anode: Impure Tin Cathode: A sheet of pure tin metal Electrolyte An aqueous solution of SNSO4containing H2S1F6. Thermodynamics of Metallurgical process: The metals are extracted when their oxides are heated with carbon or other metal and by thermal decomposition. For any spontaneous reaction, the Gibbs anergy change à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  G must be negative at a particular temperature. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  G = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H Tà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  S à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H is enthal by change during the reaction, T is the absolute temperature and change during the reaction, T is the absolute temperature and à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  S is the entropy change during the reaction. The reaction will processed only when à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  G is negative. For reaction where à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H is negative and à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  S is positive. The reaction proceeds even at low temperatures. Theoretically, it is possible to decompose all metal oxides if sufficiently high temperature is attainable but oxides of Ag, An and Hg are the only oxides which can be decomposed at easily attainable temperatures. Hence these metals are obtained by thermal decomposition of their oxides. The choice of reducing agent to obtain the metal from its oxide depends upon the change in Gibbs energy à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  G. The plot of Gibbs energy change versus temperature is called. Ellingham disgram: There diagrams can be drawn for different compounds such as oxides, sulphides, halides etc. using these diagrams one can make a choice of reducing agent and the corresponding temperature at which, the reaction becomes feasible. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  G for the reaction is -ve. Some salient features of Ellingham diagram are: The slope for metal to metal oxide is upward as Gibbs energy change decreases with increase of temperature. The all follow a straight line unless they melt or vaporize. When change in entropy is large, the slope of line also changes for example the Hg-HgO line changes slope at 629K when mercury brills and similarly Mg-MgO changes slope at 1393K. When temperature is increased, the graph crossed the line à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  G=0 at a particular temperature. Below this temperature, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  G being negative, oxide is stable where as above this temperature à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  G is positive and the oxide become unstable. Thus it should decompose into metal and oxygen. In a number of reduction processes, one metal is used to reduce the oxide of the other metal. Any metal can reduce the oxide or the another metal which lie above it in Ellingham diagram. Ellingham diagrams give an indication whether the reaction is possible or not. These graphs do not predict the kinetics of the reaction. This is a major limitation of Ellingham diagrams. Ellingham diagram of carbon: Carbon reacts with oxygen to give two oxides C(S) + O2(g) → CO2(g) 2C(S) + O2(g) → 2CO(g) Carbon monoxide can further react with oxygen to give carbon dioxide. 2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g) When carbon changes to carbon dioxide, change in entropy (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  S) is very small and à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  G hardly shows changes with increasing temperature. The graph of à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  G against T is almost horizontal. When carbon changes to carbon monoxide, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  S is positive and à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  G becomes more negative with increasing temperature. As a result, the line shows downward slope. The two lines for carbon to carbon-dioxide and carbon to carbon monoxide cross at 983K. below this temperature formation of CO2 is favoured whereas above this temperatures formation of CO is preferred. Ellingham diagram of metal sulphide : Some metals occur in nature as sulphides, such as ZnS, CuS and PbS. The reaction for the reduction of these sulphides with carbon is highly 2MS(S) + C(S) → 2M(S) + CS2(g) unfavourable energetically because of the instability of carbon disulphide. It being an endothermic reaction, sulphide ores are roasted to oxides and their reduced into metals.

Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture Essay

Genetically modified organisms especially in agriculture has attracted global concern over the last few years. People from all walks of life, politicians, consumers, activists, farmers biotechnologists as well as technology regulators have been involved in the heated debate. Evidence has been brought forward on the massive benefits of genetically modified crops due to the food insecurity in the world as a result of low agricultural productivity and the ever increasing population. However, many consider the adoption of genetic engineering technology in agriculture as a time bomb. These concerns have resulted into changes in the importation and exportation policies, intensive regulation of agricultural technology and practices in many parts of the world. Different environmental organizations around the world have protested against genetically modified organism due to it potential effect on the environment. Despite these arguments, this technology is being adopted by farmers around the world knowingly or unknowingly. But the big issue is the costs and benefit of genetic engineering in agriculture. Whether the benefits of increased agricultural production at reduced cost overrides the environmental and food safety concerns has always been the big issue (Nelson, p 4). What are genetically modified crops? Over the years, research in biotechnology has advanced significantly. Biotechnology is a field of technology that deals with living systems. For many centuries, biotechnology has been employed in agriculture and manufacturing industries, for example fermentation processes for industrial production of wine has been used for many centuries. Principles of genetics and hereditary which were developed in the late 19th century have improved agricultural production by enabling farmers select the beat trains in plants and animals. However, the unearthing of the structure of DNA in the mid 20th century was a turning point for biotechnology. This led to a progressive development of genetic engineering technology. Today, farmers need not to choose animals or plants with the best characteristics such as drought, pests and diseases resistant, high yields, early maturity or high quality products due to advancement in biotechnology. Through genetic modifications, scientists can alter the genetic material in the plant or animal to improve on its characteristics (Whitman, p 1). Genetically modified organisms in agriculture refer to plants and animals that are created by scientists to meet desired characteristics using modern molecular biotechnology techniques. To enhance the traits, the genetic material in the organism is modified to meet the desired qualities. This technique has replaced the traditional methods of propagation used by farmers to enhance the desired characteristics through selective breeding which is inaccurate and time consuming. Biotechnology produces organisms of the intended traits with greater precision. For example, today, scientists can extract the gene responsible for drought resistance in plants that do well in deserts and insert it in various agricultural plants to enhance their drought tolerance. Recent research indicates that these genes can also be transferred from plants to animal or from animals to plants. A good example in this case is the genetic modification, Bt maize. The gene responsible for the production of protein in the maize was isolated from a bacterium that was observed to produce a protein as a defense against insects’ larvae. The Bt main therefore has improved nutrients content as well as pest resistance such as stock borer (Herman, p 36). Legitimate concerns about genetically modified organisms There is no doubt that there are several problems associated with genetically modified organisms in agriculture. This has resulted into criticism from different people around the world including some biotechnologists. This is despite the massive promises of the new technology. The greatest concerns has been the players in the agribusiness field concentration on the financial benefit accrued from adoption of genetic engineered crops without considering its impacts on the consumers as well as the environment. This criticism has become intense with various religious and interest groups being opposed to the idea basically because scientists are not certain about the long term effects of genetically modified products on the consumers and the environment (Rader, Para 26). A legitimate argument is based on the fact that man altering the Mother Nature will always have negative consequences. Some of these consequences may be life threatening. This is evident from the current changing weather crisis as a result of man activity. Genetic engineering is more threatening as it touches on the most fundamental part of life, the hereditary material. Religious groups have been opposed to these biotechnology developments due to its threat on the identity of the target species. However, some critics base their argument on ethics since genetic modification technology is closely related to human cloning and human embryo tissues research (Rader, Para 26). The greatest concern on genetically modified food is food security. There are proposals that genetically modified products may not be safe for human consumption. Adoption of genetically modified organisms in agricultural production is a major change in the global food supply and reliable and extensive studies need to be done on their safety. This concern does not affect genetically engineered organisms only but also changes that are as a result of other biotechnological advancements. There is no doubt that biologists are aware of the impacts of what they are doing. They are well informed on the negative consequences of altering the genetic makeup of organisms. However, there are some unanticipated effects of this technology as a result of long term impacts (Rader, Para 26). A very good example was the genetic enhancement of nutritional contents of soybeans. Soybean has been considered as a good source of plant protein for many years. However, research indicates that it lacks methionine, one of the essential amino acids. To enhance the nutritional value of soybeans, scientists isolated a gene responsible for protein production in Brazil nut and inserted it on soybean. However, scientists were unaware that the same gene was the allergens in the nut. A very large number of people are allergic to Brazil nut because of this allergen. This modification could have resulted into unexpected allergic reaction. This was revealed before the product entered the market through testing which led to abandoning of the project. This is clear evidence that genetically modified organisms products need to be extensively tested before they can be consumed by human beings. Though this indicates that testing is done before the products are released, there is no assurance that the products are safe for consumption (Rader, Para 26). One of the techniques used in genetic engineering is induced random gene mutations. This produces numerous genetics which are tested for desired qualities. There are various techniques that are used to induce random gene mutation. This may include the use of radiations of a certain wavelength, use of chemicals or subjecting the genetic materials to high temperatures. This technique relies more on lack when compared to genetic modification where a gene of the desired trait is inserted. This suggests that more tests need to be done on genetically produced organisms using this technique. However, throughout the world, there are no proper regulations that have been put in place to regulate breeding of organism which puts the consumers at a risk. There are no doubts that breeding technologies are creating harmful products accidentally and whose short term and long term effects are unknown. A very good example given in this case was the production of celery using convectional breeding methods. Although the celery produced was of a better variety, it had negative effects on the farm worker who became hypersensitive to sunlight. Other products produced using the same techniques such as Lenape potato was found to contain toxins levels which was fatal (Herman, p 36). The health concerns raised against genetically modified food have affected the perception of the public on these foods. For example, a very large number of children all over the world today suffer from fatal allergies to some animal and plants products especially peanuts. A large number of people associated this with genetic modifications. Although this may not be true, there is a need to think twice about this issue. Most of genetic modifications are aimed at producing fruits and vegetables with fast maturity rate, improved nutrition value, altered ripening behaviors, resistant to diseases and pest and better yields. Unfortunately, these products are given to very vulnerable members of the society. The likelihood of introducing new types of allergen in the fruits and vegetable through genetic engineering is very high. The allergenicity effects of new allergen may have far reaching effects considering that most of the people around the world are suffering from life threatening hypersensitivity (Nelson, p 103). Some scientists have been opposed to the new technology because it is not possible to determine with certainty the effects of genetically modified products on human health. There are still some unknown effects of introducing new genes to crops. It is more likely that there are some negative effects that scientists may not expect associated with genetically modified organisms that are unknown or unexpected by scientists. For example, a recent study suggests that genetically modified potatoes have some effects on the digestive systems of rats. Substantial differences between the digestive systems of rat feed with genetically modified potatoes and those feed with unmodified potatoes. Although these potatoes were not meant for human consumption, it suggests that genetically modified food may not have short term negative effects on humans but can result into modification of body systems which may be detected when it is too late (Whitman, p 1). The unintended harm to some species as a result of adoption of genetic engineering technology in agriculture has attracted a lot of concern on the future of GM in agriculture. These concerns are based on the effects of Bt maize on the population of monarch butterflies. Although monarch butterfly larvae do not consume corn, pollen from Bt maize was transferred to the milkweeds plants through hair carrying with it the anti larvae proteins. The monarch butterfly larvae perished as a result of consuming this pollen. The main concern here is that the proteins in Bt maize was not intended to eliminate the monarch butterflies but unfortunately, it kills larvae indiscriminately. Since it has proved to be difficult to produce GMO crops with toxins that kill only pests, there is a need for evaluation of effects of the genetically modified products on unintended targets (Whitman, p 1). There is developing fear of what is likely to happen if for example, the world corn production became overdependence on Bt maize, and then insects develop resistant to Bt crops and other GM crops as well as convectional pesticides. This may lead to similar problems experienced after some mosquitoes in tropical regions developed resistant to DDT. It therefore suggests that dependence on GMO in agricultural production may be a time bomb. The possibility of creating some plants that can resist certain herbicides creates the possibility of creating super weed. The possibility of the gene transfer process getting to the non targeted species either by mistake or maliciously is of greater concern to farmers. The transfer of herbicide resistant genes to the weeds may result in cross breeding and consequently creation of super weeds. These super weeds will be able to resist the herbicide the same way the crops can. It is possible that some of the genes can be transferred to non-genetically modified crops in the field as a result of cross breeding. This possibility has been proved by the law suit between farmers and Monsanto Company (Whitman, p 1). There are also economic concerns that have been raised against adoption of genetically modified organisms in agricultural production. Introduction of genetically modified crops may have negative economic consequence as a result of costs involved in establishing their markets. Biotechnology companies have invested a lot of resources in the development of GM crops and would like to make profit out of it. However, infringement of patent rights especially in agricultural technology is a big issue. These factors will affect peasant farmers in the developing countries as multinational biotechnology companies try to maximize return on their investment within a short time leading to increased prices of new propagation materials. It is less likely that despite the promise of GMO in averting the food insecurity in the world, farmers will be able to adopt these new varieties of crops (Whitman, p 1). It is clear that this biotechnology technique may not be available to all societies in the world. The resources required for significant genetic engineering research may not be in the reach of many agricultural technology companies all over the world. This creates the worry of a few multinational biotechnology companies controlling global agriculture. There is a possibility of the small companies being wiped out of the market as a result of intense competition. This competition will affect the small scale farmers negatively (Rewavas and Leaver, p 640). Counter Arguments Despite the intense argument against genetically modified organisms in agriculture, the global farming systems are progressively adopting this technology. Criticism has not deterred biotechnologist and multinational companies from developing more genetically modified crops. The intense research on this field and massive investments is clear evidence that there is a market for genetically modified agricultural products and the world is ready to adopt genetic engineering as a necessary technology. The world population stands at over six billion while it is expected to double within half a century. Convectional methods of farming will in no way sustain the ever growing global population. The risk of food insecurity is made more real by the increased changes in climatic condition. Weather has become increasingly unpredictable and unsupportive to agricultural activities. The solution to the challenges is genetically modified crops (Whitman, p 1). Genetic modification creates crops that are resistant to pests. Some GM crops are also fast growing and mature before pests attack the crop. For many years, pest control has been a major concern for farmers due to losses resulting from crop destruction. Large scale and small scale farmers use large amount of pesticides to avert these losses. On the other hand, there is a growing concern by consumers on the safety of chemicals commonly used by farmers to control pests. There are numerous environmental hazards associated with chemical pesticides. The need to use environmentally destructive pesticides can be averted by use of genetically modified crops. Growing Bt corn and other Bt crops has eliminated the need to use pesticides in agricultural production. Although there are concerns that have been raised such as the monarch butterflies saga, these problems can be addressed by improvement of technology (Rewavas and Leaver, p 640). In many cases, it is practically impossible or uneconomical to use physical means of removing weeds from the fields. This calls for farmers to use large amount and many varieties of herbicides to remove the weeds. This is not only time consuming but also expensive making agriculture less profitable. The farmers are also required to be careful in the use of the herbicides to ensure that they have no negative effect on the crops or the environment. Genetically engineered crops can be effectively used to avert these problems. These plans are designed to resists a specially synthesized herbicide with minimum environmental impacts. This reduces the amount of herbicides required and consequently the production cost. Genetic modification has also led to the development of disease resistant crops increasing yields and lowering production costs. Scientists have conducted extensive research in the development of crops that are resistant to disease causing microorganisms (Nelson, p 84). Unpredictable weather conditions have also threatened profitability of agricultural activities. Unpredictable frost can have destructive effect on seedling leading to losses. This has led to the introduction of antifreeze gene in crops such as tobacco and potatoes which is isolated from animals living in cold water. These plants are able to resist very low temperatures where normal plants cannot survive. It is important to note the reduced global agricultural productivity is as a result of unpredictable weather condition. Arable lands are being converted into unproductive land as a result in increased droughts. Moreover, a large percentage of land in the world cannot support agriculture due to lack of adequate supply. Adoption of genetically modified crops by farmers is the solution to this problem. With this technology, farmers will be able to grow crops in areas that were previously considered unproductive due to drought or salinity. This is by modifying crops to withstand drought or high salt concentration in the soil (Rewavas and Leaver, p 640). If genetically modified organisms were adopted in agriculture especially in the third world countries, malnutrition will be a thing of the past. It is observed that as a result of poverty, many people in the developing world rely on a one crop as their staple food. This crop may not contain all essential nutrients required by the body. Genetic engineering has the ability to introduce genes to these crops which will ensure that it contains the essential nutrients. For example, in the developing countries where rice is the staple food, a large number of people suffer from blindness as a result of beta carotene deficiency. However, the golden rice which has been developed genetically was found to contain high amounts of vitamin A. Although this could have been a solution to the problem, massive anti genetically modified food protests have deterred the introduction of the rice to the farmers (Whitman, p 1). There are also proposed uses of agricultural genetic technology in development of plants that produce edible vaccines which could replace the convectional injection vaccines. Scientists are also working on development of genetically modified plants that clean up the environment by absorbing pollutants such as heavy metals from underground water and the soil (Whitman, p 1). Conclusion There are many proposals that genetically modified foods will solve the food security crisis that faces the world. They have been proposed as possible solution to over reliance on pesticides and herbicide in agricultural activities which degrades the environment. However, there are concerns over the safety of the GM products for human consumption. There are many issues that have been raised claiming that GM foods are unsafe for human consumption due to possible allergic reactions and the wide range of unknown and unexpected negative impacts on human health. The long term effects of GMs on the environment may also be far reaching due to loss of identity or elimination of some animal and plant species. Work Cited Herman E. M. , Helm, R. M. , Jung R, and Kinney A. J. â€Å"Genetic modification removes an immunodominant allergen from soybean†. Plant Physiology. 132 (1) (2003): pp 36–43 Nelson, Gerald. Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture, ISBN-13: 978-0-12-515422-2, Academic Press Rader, Charles M. A Report on Genetically Engineered Crops, (2001), retrieved on 17th May 2010 from; http://members. tripod. com/c_rader0/gemod. htm. Rewavas A and Leaver C. J. â€Å"Conventional crops are the test of GM prejudice†. Nature 401 (6754), (1999): PP 640. Whitman, Deborah B. Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful? (2000), retrieved on 17th May 2010 from; http://www. csa. com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview. php.